Aging and its consequences have made population aging a major social issue. Aging populations are likely to exacerbate inequality by increasing the public and private financial burdens of social welfare costs. The goal of this study was to estimate the effects of aging on income inequality for 81 Countries (37 Developing and 44 Developed) from 2000 to 2020. The study used a dynamic panel approach in a generalized method of moments (GMM) framework. This study's findings confirm a positive relationship between aging and income inequality in both Developing and Developed Countries, and it demonstrates that the aging effect on income inequality is greater in Developing Countries than in Developed Countries. Furthermore, improving human capital, increasing per capita income, proper management, and use of total natural resource rents (% of GDP) in Countries, and increasing trade between Countries reduce income inequality, according to the findings of this study. Policymakers should reduce income inequality by investing in education, increasing per capita income, managing, and utilizing total natural resource rents (as a percentage of GDP), expanding trade with other Countries, and planning for the effects of aging.

the main purpose of this paper is to investigate and compare the impact of tourism on air pollution in selected Developed and Developing Countries during the period of 1995-2014. To this end, at first, the model was designed based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) assumptions and with the presence of the major influencing factors on air pollution along with the international tourism variable. Then, the long-run relationship between these variables was estimated by the Continuouslyupdated and Fully-Modified (CUP-FM) method, considering the existence of a cross-sectional dependence between the model variables in both groups of studied Countries. The results of this study indicate the positive impact of international tourism on air pollution in selected Developing Countries; while the expansion of international tourism reduces air pollution in studied Developed Countries.

Diabetes today is a worldwide problem. The purpose of this study is to assess, in Developed and Developing Countries, the productivity of research on diabetes and to evaluate the gap between the burden of diabetes and research conducted on diabetes. Materials and Methods: An extensive search in PubMed database for diabetes publications (all publication types, all languages) using diabetes as the MeSH term was carried out to ascertain the proportion of diabetes-related publications from Countries of different regional (according to WHO regions) and economic (according to World Bank) classifications in 1992, 1997 and 2002. We excluded all publications without the name of a country as affiliation, as we did for publications from the U.S. following which the quota of international publications of Countries was calculated. All information related to the distribution of the global burden of diabetes was extracted from the literature available. Results: Worldwide, the overall growth rate of publications on diabetes during 1992-2002 was 66.3% with a higher rate during 1997-2002, as compared to that of 1992-1997 period (31% vs. 27%). The highest growth rate was found in the South and East Asia region (226%), and the second highest in the Eastern-Mediterranean region (138%). However, the quota of the international publications of these two regions reached 3.9% and 2.5% in 2002, respectively. Developed market economies (except for U.S.) contributed 85.4% (1668) of publications in 1992, 83.0% (2276) in 1997 and 76.7% (2806) in 2002. Contributions of Developing Countries increased from 12.3% (242) in 1992 to 13.8% (380) in 1997 and 19.8% (726) in 2002. Also, contributions of the Developing eastern European Countries rose from 2.2% (43) in 1992 to 3.1% (85) and 3.4% (125) in 1997 and 2002, respectively. Conclusion: Despite the fast growth in prevalence of diabetes in Developing Countries, the quota of international publications on diabetes from Developed Countries is definitely higher than that of Developing Countries. Facilitating increases in financial resources and the indexing of national journals in these Countries may serve to improve their quota.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the behavior of inflation in relation to money in Developed and Developing Countries, and then by comparing the differences between these two categories, the reasons and documentation necessary for the effect of money on inflation in two groups of Developed Countries and provide non-Developed. Methods: Based on the model presented in this research, the dependent variable interval is present as an explanatory variable in the model, which causes endogeneity in the model. In order to solve the endogeneity problem, the method of estimating generalized moments is used to estimate model parameters. The econometric estimation method that is used in most economic studies to solve the endogeneity problem is to use the two-stage least squares method 2SLS. The necessary condition for using this method is to find a suitable instrumental variable to solve the endogeneity problem; But using this method faces difficulties. The first problem in using this method is the difficulty of finding a suitable instrumental variable and even the limited nature of this type of variable. Also, using this method cannot solve the problem of correlation between explanatory variables and reduce or completely eliminate co-linearity in the model. To solve the problems mentioned in the economic literature, the method of generalized moments of GMM is used. The necessary condition for using the dynamic panel data approach should be the number of sections or cross-sectional units of the research period or time (N>T). Considering the point that in the current research, the time period studied is small compared to the number of Countries, so it is appropriate to use the dynamic panel data approach.In the estimation process with the method of generalized moments, after the estimation stage, the validity of the instrumental variables and the over-specificity of the equation should be checked. In this regard, the Sargan test is used. In addition, the self-regression order of the disturbance sentences should be tested. In this regard, first-order differentiation to eliminate fixed effects will be a suitable method if the order of autocorrelation of disturbance sentences is not of the second order. In order to check the order of autocorrelation of disturbance sentences, Arland and Band have proposed the following statistic which has a normal distribution for free. In order to avoid false regression, first the unit root test of function variables is calculated. Before estimating the model, it is necessary to determine the type of data (composite or cross-sectional). In this regard, Limer's F test has been used in economic literature. Results: The estimation results for the two groups of Countries under investigation show that the type of inflation in the two groups is different from the others, so that in oil-Developing Countries, the most important variable affecting inflation is inflation expectations, so that for each unit of increase in Inflation expectations in oil Developing Countries, the rate of inflation increases by 0.55 units, while in Developed Countries, this rate is 0.13 and does not have a statistically significant effect on the rate of inflation. The analysis of inflation in Developed Countries indicates that the most important variable affecting it is the interest rate, so that for each unit increase in the interest rate, the inflation rate increases by 1.22 units, while the effect of this variable on the inflation of oil Developing Countries It is equal to 0.31 units. Investigating the behavior of liquidity in relation to inflation of both investigated groups indicates a significant positive effect on inflation, and the only thing worth mentioning about the effects of liquidity is that the amount of this variable on inflation is greater in oil Developing Countries than in Developed Countries, so that For each unit of liquidity growth in oil Countries, the rate of inflation increases by 0.10, while for Developed Countries this rate is 0.04. Conclusion: Economic growth is a very important factor in reducing inflation in oil-Developing Countries and Developed Countries, and since Developed Countries pay a lot of attention to economic growth, it is necessary for oil-Developing Countries to also pay attention to this issue and factors such as the use of effective workforce that will increase economic growth, and also avoid over-reliance on oil income and by increasing the export of other domestic products, have a diverse export portfolio in case of a decrease in income Nafti prevented the expectations of inflation and budget deficit and brought price stability to the economy.The growth of liquidity in both groups of Countries causes an increase in inflation, and since in Developed Countries liquidity is accompanied by high production; It does not lead to an increase in inflation, but in oil Developing economies, the growth of oil income causes the economic growth of oil. increase If the government reacts to the increase in inflation by using imports, in the long term it can cause a decrease in economic growth, and if the oil income decreases, it will intensify inflation through liquidity and low economic growth. This study recommends that oil Developing Countries strictly prevent the application of fixed currency regimes so that oil income does not lead to liquidity changes in the country.The most effective factor on inflation in oil Developing Countries is inflationary expectations, which should be prevented from applying policies that cause inflationary expectations to increase. In this regard, it is recommended that the government and the central bank identify the factors affecting inflation expectations, such as increasing liquidity, increasing the exchange rate, and make other economic adjustments at appropriate times.: The main purpose of this study is to compare the effects of money supply growth on inflation in oil Developing Countries and Developed Countries.

This study examines the relationship between per capita income and per capita dioxide emissions in the form of a new definition of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, to investigate how corruption influences the income level at the turning point of the relationship between per capita dioxide emissions and income, in Developed and Developing Countries the period 1994-2013 through the use of a panel data model. Our results support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Developed Countries and existence of an U-shaped relation for Developing Countries. We find evidence that the higher the country's degree of corruption, the higher the per capita income at the turning point for Developed Countries and the lower the per capita income at the turning point for Developing Countries than when corruption is not accounted for. Also, the share of renewable energy in both groups of Countries has a negative and significant effect on per capita dioxide emissions, but the positive effect of urbanization rate in Developed Countries is significant and in Developing Countries is not.

Increasing the share of R& D in the production of goods and services, the process of competition in different areas, which require increased competitiveness appetite, supporting knowledge and innovation resulting from research and development, in commodities and various service, and it has become an undeniable necessity. This requires identify factors influencing innovation. One of the most innovative ways to support innovation at national and international level is supporting of intellectual property rights. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between innovation and intellectual property rights and other factors affecting innovation in selected Developed and Developing Countries. In this study with uses of panel data the impact of intellectual property rights, changes in GDP per capita, saving, human capital and interested rate on the innovations has been studied. The results show that intellectual property rights and demand force and saving has a direct relationship with innovation and real interest rate has an inverse relationship to innovation in both the sample Countries. However, the human capital has different effects both in the country.

The overall purpose of this study is to examine the privatization experiences of Developing and Developed Countries in agricultural research and modeling in the Iranian agricultural sector. In the first stage, the influential factors in privatization were identified using the cross-linked research method. For this purpose, 42 selected papers in internationally accredited journals in the period 2000-2018 were selected with a thematic focus on privatization and agricultural research. In five separate stages, the objectives, samples, research method, findings and results were selected. The results of this phase resulted in the separation of five key factors in privatization. The factors were 1) Causes of privatization tendency: to increase efficiency, improve government finances, expand capital markets, reduce costs, create employment, and reduce administrative bureaucracy 2) Privatization Barriers: Component Political and legal uncertainties, strong stakeholder opposition, government financial weakness, high unemployment, increased competition in world markets, inflation control, and reduced government tenure. 3) Privatization Disadvantages: Component the reluctance to provide services in disadvantaged areas, ignoring environmental issues, reducing government control over the type and quality of service provision, and the existence of insecure employment contracts 4) Solutions Privatization: Including equity, direct selling of assets, contracting, and restructuring of the consumer market. 5) Consequences of privatization: Increasing efficiency, improving government finances, reducing costs, creating employment and reducing bureaucracy. In the second phase of the research, using the qualitative research method by grounded theory, the five main factors identified were coded in three stages and the proposed model of agricultural privatization in Iran was put together to bring together the contexts, causes, solutions and consequences.